T

**THE BIG BA****NG THEORY**

The **Big Bang** theory is the prevailing cosmalogical model that explains the early development of the Universe. We certainly know that our universe exists, however, this knowledge alone has not satisfied mankind's quest for further understanding. we asked ourselves lots of questions to understand the Universe. Some of these questions: How did our universe begin? How old is our universe? How did matter come to exist? One of the most persistently asked questions has been: How was the universe created? Many once believed that the universe had no beginning or end and was truly infinite. Through the inception of the Big Bang theory, however,no longer could the universe be considered infinite. The universe was forced to take on the properties of a finite phenomenon, possessing a history and a beginning. About 15 billion years ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang. At the point of this event all of the matter and energy of space was contained at one point. What exisisted prior to this event is completely unknown and is a matter of pure speculation. This occurance was not a conventional explosion but rather an event filling all of space with all of the particles of the embryonic universe rushing away from each other. The Big Bang actually consisted of an explosion of space within itself unlike an explosion of a bomb were fragments are thrown outward. The galaxies were not all clumped together, but rather the Big Bang lay the foundations for the universe. The origin of the Big Bang theory can be credited to Edwin Hubble. Hubble made the observation that the universe is continuously expanding. He discovered that a galaxys velocity is proportional to its distance. Galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast. Another consequence is that the universe is expanding in every direction. This observation means that it has taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting position to its current position. Just as the Big Bang provided for the foundation of the universe, Hubbles observations provided for the foundation of the Big Bang theory. Since the Big Bang, the universe has been continuously expanding and, thus, there has been more and more distance between clusters of galaxies. This phenomenon of galaxies moving farther away from each other is known as the red shift. As light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched. Since the Big Bang, the universe has been continuously expanding and, thus, there has been more and more distance between clusters of galaxies. This phenomenon of galaxies moving farther away from each other is known as the red shift. As light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched. In addition to the understanding of the velocity of galaxies emanating from a single point, there is further evidence for the Big Bang. In 1964, two astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, in an attempt to detect microwaves from outer space, inadvertently discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin. The noise did not seem to emanate from one location but instead, it came from all directions at once. It became obvious that what they heard was radiation from the farthest reaches of the universe which had been left over from the Big Bang. This discovery of the radioactive aftermath of the initial explosion lent much credence to the Big Bang theory. Even more recently, NASAs COBE satellite was able to detect cosmic microwaves eminating from the outer reaches of the universe. These microwaves were remarkably uniform which illustrated the homogenity of the early stages of the universe. However, the satillite also discovered that as the universe began to cool and was still expanding, small fluctuations began to exist due to temperature differences. These flucuatuations verified prior calculations of the possible cooling and development of the universe just fractions of a second after its creation. These fluctuations in the universe provided a more detailed description of the first moments after the Big Bang. They also helped to tell the story of the formation of galaxies which will be discussed in the next chapter. The Big Bang theory provides a viable solution to one of the most pressing questions of all time. It is important to understand, however, that the theory itself is constantly being revised. As more observations are made and more research conducted, the Big Bang theory becomes more complete and our knowledge of the origins of the universe more substantial.

__**some videos about big bang:**__ media type="youtube" key="lhTSfOZUNLo" height="315" width="420"

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media type="youtube" key="EUe_Vfi5IL0" height="315" width="420"




 * __REFERENCES:__**


 * __T|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang[|educational-computer-games.jpeg]__**
 * __T|http://big-bang-theory.com/__**
 * __T|http://www.evreninyaratilisi.com/html/bigbang_dogusu.htm__**


 * HAVVA ÇELİK**
 * 2-C**
 * 101010063**

**HE KENNEDY CURSE**

It is possible to summarize The Kennedy Family with these words:

Glory Rulership Love Money Sex Narkotic Accident

Washington Post says that if shakespeare had lived in America, he would write The Kennedy Family.In addition. He wouldn’t need to use his imaginary.Because there was everything in Kennedy Family. The Kennedy Curse refers to several misfortunes suffered by one of America’s most prominent political families, the Kennedys. Unnatural deaths and unfortunate events have also extended to those related to the Kennedys by marriage, such as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and her two step-children from her marriage to Aristotle Onassis. In the context of conspiracy theories, theKennedy Curse is believed to be the result of an actual hex cast against the family as some sort of vendetta. Most people use the term " Kennedy Curse" as a metaphor for the series of tragedies that have befallen the family, which is thought to be mostly due to their access to excess as one of the most prestigious families in the world.


 * FAMILY MEMBERS**




 * KENNEDY TRAGEDIES**

ROSEMARY KENNEDY (1918-2005 Rosemary Kennedy, the oldest daughter of Joseph and Rose, was believed to be mentally retarded.Because of her increasingly violent and severe mood swings, her father arranged in secret for her to undergo a lobotomy in 1941, and as a result, she remained institutionalized until her death in 2005.

JOSEPH PATRICK KENNEDY JR. (1915-1944) Joseph Patrick, the oldest Kennedy son, was an American bomber pilot during World War 2.When he died in a plane crash over The English Channel during World War 2, he was 29.

KATHLEEN AGNES KENNEDY CAVENDISH (1920-1948) She was the fourth child of Joseph and Rose.Despite the opposition of her intensely Catholic mother, Kathleen married William Cavendish. Joseph P. Kennedy JR was the only member of Kennedy Family to attend the ceremony.Her husband was killed an action for mounths later in World War 2. And she was killed in a plane crash in France along with her ill-fated companion, Peter Wentworth Fitzwilliam and 8th Earl Fitzwilliam.

PATRICIA KENNEDY (1924-2006) Patricia Kennedy died at age 82 in her Manhattan home from complications of pneumonia. She was survived by her four children and 10 grandchildren.. She was buried in Southampton Cemetery.

EDWARD MOORE KENNEDY (1932-2009) Edward Moore Kennedy, the youngest child of Kennedy Family, was involved in a plane crash in which his aides and the pilot were killed. He spent weeks in a hospital.And in 2009, he died of brain cancer.

ROBERT FRANCIS KENNEDY (1925-1968) Robert Francis Kennedy, also referred to by his initials **RFK**, was an American politician, aDemocratic senator from New York, and a noted civil rights activist.He was a younger brother of President John F. Kennedy and acted as one of his advisors during his presidency. From 1961 to 1964, he was the U.S. Attorney General. In March 1968, Kennedy began a campaign for the presidency and was a front-running candidate of the Democratic Party. In the Californiapresidential primary on June 4, Kennedy defeated Eugene McCarthy, a U.S. Senator from Minnesota. Following a brief victory speech delivered just past midnight on June 5 at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan. Mortally wounded, he survived for nearly 26 hours, dying early in the morning of June 6.

EUNICE MARY KENNEDY (1921–2009) Shriver died at the hospital; she was 88 years old__. __No other Kennedy, with the exception of her mother, Rose, has, to date, lived longer. Shriver's family issued a statement upon her death, reading in part: "Inspired by her love of God, her devotion to her family, and her relentless belief in the dignity and worth of every human life, she worked without ceasing — searching, pushing, demanding, hoping for change. She was a living prayer, a living advocate, a living center of power. She set out to change the world and to change us, and she did that and more. She founded the movement that became Special Olympics, the largest movement for acceptance and inclusion for people with intellectual disabilities in the history of the world. Her work transformed the lives of hundreds of millions of people across the globe, and they in turn are her living legacy” President Barack Obama remarked upon Shriver's death that she was "an extraordinary woman who, as much as anyone, taught our nation -- and our world -- that no physical or mental barrier can restrain the power of the human spirit”

JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY (1917-1963) John FitzgeraldKennedy was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Kennedy was the only Catholic, and the first Irish American , president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald ! Today, Kennedy continues to rank highly in public opinion ratings of former U.S. presidents.

media type="file" key="Discovery JFK assassination_1.mp4" width="300" height="300"

REFERENCES:

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AYSEL EREN 2/A 101010015

=**HE TOP FAT-BURNING FOODS**=

Do you know that it is possible to burn fat by just eating certain types of food? Well, you should know that past and recent studies have shown that these foods certainly exist, and they are not just limited to a few items.Today, we will discuss the top 10 fat burning foods, how they affect the body, and how they can help you in your weight loss and fitness goals.
 * 1. Oat meal**

Oats are commonly found in cereals, and they contain a lot of fibre, which can help you burn fat through the natural increase of your metabolic rate. They also promote good digestion and cleansing of the digestive system by removing excess fat lying anywhere around it.
 * 2. Jalapeno**



Jalapeno or cayenne pepper is hot (a few are not) spices that contain a substance called capsaicin. Capsaicinpromotes a tension in the hormones that helps increase metabolism, and also lowers blood glucose by controlling excessive release of insulin. Jalapeno is considered healthy additives to your recipes and meals.They can be yellow,green or red.


 * 3. Tomatoes**



Tomatoes are good oxidizers of body fat. In simple words this means that they help metabolize fat. They also lower blood pressure and help fight certain types of cancer. Tomatoes and tomato sauce are easily associated with different dishes and should not be missing from your daily meals.
 * 4. Garlic**

Garlic is another food item that adds flavour to your dish, which is also a proven fat burner. Alicin, a component of garlic, helps to naturally flush away fat from the body. They make a good team with spices if you want to really have a good tasty treat on your meat and vegetable dishes.
 * 5. Eggs**

Eggs are great for breakfast and are quite a good source of protein. Basically, eggs (without the egg yolk) are one of the healthiest forms of protein, and since our bodies use more energy to digest protein, we tend to burn more fat when we consume it. Broccoli is a good fat burner due to its high fibre content and natural low calorie level. It gets you to burn more calories and fat rather than what it can actually offer. Most green vegetables actually help you to burn fat. They are called green fibrous fat burners. Next time you get to choose, which is preferable, for the green, the colour serves as a go signal for fat burning!
 * 6. Broccoli**


 * 7. Beans**

Beans are considered as the top fat burning food for men. They contain many nutrients and low calories. Beans can increase your metabolism, since they contain a good amount of fibre and protein. Owing to its high content of insoluble fibre, berries are good fat burners. Insoluble fibre is quite helpful in resisting absorption of calories. You can have berries as snacks or as a way to treat your sweet tooth. Apples are good in burning fat due to high fibre. They also carry a few calories and are suitable to have as a snack. Just like vegetables, fruits generally have good fat burning characteristics. Make sure you don’t go for calorie dense fruits like raisins; go for those that contain only 60 to 80 calories a piece. The healthy fruits that can help you burn fat other than apple are your oranges, peaches, grape fruits and other citrus fruits. If you really need to have meat in your meals then go for lean meat. Lean meat gives you a good source of amino acid, which helps maintain a healthy muscle mass and promotes metabolism. Turkey and chicken meat, however, are quite low in calories compared to other lean meats, which is why they are quite favourable to have.
 * 8. Berries**
 * 9. Apples**
 * 10. Turkey or any Lean meat**

Lastly, you don’t have to restrict yourself to the top ten fat burning foods above, rather you should consider these food items as your stepping stone or a “strictly-followed” list for starters, but when you get along with these, you can add more variety, and you will be amazed that there are quite a lot. Of course relying on the top ten fat burning foods alone, will not guarantee immediate weight loss, but add some exercise, and you will surely be on the highway!media type="youtube" key="2rB4s-66SG8" height="315" width="420"

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HANDE KATIRCIOĞLU 2-A 101010002


 * T **** urkmenistan **
 * History of Turkmenistan **
 * The territory of Turkmenistan has a long and checkered history, as armies from one empire after another decamped there on their way to more prosperous territories. The region's written history begins with its conquest by the Achaemenid Empire of ancient Persia, as the region was divided between the satrapies of Margiana, Khorezm and Parthia. **
 * Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century BC on his way to Central Asia, around the time that the Silk Road was established as a major trading route between Asia and the Mediterranean Region. **
 * Approximately 80 years later, Persia's Parthian Kingdom established its capital in Nisa, now in the suburbs of the capital, Ashgabat. After replacement of the Parthian empire by Persian Sassanids, another native Iranian dynasty, the region remained territory of the Persian empire for several centuries **
 * In the 7th century AD, Arabs conquered this region, introducing Islam. The Turkmenistan region soon came to be known as the capital of Greater Khorasan, when the caliph Al-Ma'mun moved his capital to Merv.[citation needed] **
 * In the middle of the 11th century, the Turkoman-ruled Seljuk Empire concentrated its strength in the territory of modern Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into Khorasan (modern Afghanistan). The empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when Genghis Khan took control of the eastern Caspian Sea region on his march west. **
 * For the next seven centuries, the Turkmen people lived under various empires and fought constant inter-tribal wars. Little is documented of Turkmen history prior to Russian engagement. However, from the 13th to the 16th centuries, Turkmen formed a distinct ethnolinguistic group[citation needed]. As the Turkmen migrated from the area around the Mangyshlak Peninsula in contemporary Kazakhstan toward the Iranian border region and the Amu Darya basin, tribal Turkmen society further developed cultural traditions that became the foundation of Turkmen national consciousness.[citation needed] **
 * Between the 17th and 19th centuries, control of Turkmenistan was fought over by the rulers of Afghanistan, Persian Shahs, Khivan Khans and the Emirs of Bukhara. During this period, Turkmen spiritual leader Magtymguly Pyragy reached prominence with his efforts to secure independence and autonomy for his people. In 1885, the Russian forces seized the Afghan territory of the Panjdeh oasis (around modern-day Serhetabat in Turkmenistan) during the Panjdeh Incident. **
 * According to Paul R. Spickard, "Prior to the Russian conquest, the Turkmen were known and feared for their involvement in the Central Asian slave trade. The neighboring rural villages of Persia and Afghanistan were the main victims of Turkmen raids, in which groups of armed men on horseback would carry away captives to be sold in the slave markets of Khiva, Bukhara, and Mari."[8][9] **
 * At this time, the vast territory of Central Asia including the region of Turkmenistan was largely unmapped and virtually unknown to Europe and the Western world. Rivalry for control of the area between the British Empire and Tsarist Russia was characterized as The Great Game. Throughout their conquest of Central Asia, the Russians were met with the stiffest resistance by the Turkmen. By 1894, however, Russia had gained control of Turkmenistan and incorporated it into its empire. **


 * Independence**
 * When the Soviet Union began to collapse, Turkmenistan and the rest of the Central Asian republics first heavily favored maintaining a reformed version of the state, mainly because they needed the economic power and common markets of the Soviet Union to prosper. Nevertheless, Turkmenistan declared independence on 27 October 1991, albeit one of the last Soviet republics to secede. Turkmenistan gained official recognition on 25 December 1991, a day before the final dissolution of the Soviet Union. Turkmenistan joined the U.N. the following year. **
 * In 1991, Turkmenistan became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, an international organization of former Soviet republics. However, Turkmenistan reduced its status in the organization to "associate member" in August 2005. The reason stated by the Turkmen president was the country's policy of permanent neutrality. **
 * The former leader of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Saparmurat Niyazov, remained in power as Turkmenistan's leader after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Under his post-Soviet rule, Russian-Turkmen relations greatly suffered.[citation needed] He styled himself as a promoter of traditional Muslim and Turkmen culture (calling himself "Türkmenbaşy", or "leader of the Turkmen people"), but he became notorious in the West for his dictatorial rule and extravagant cult of personality. The extent of his power greatly increased during the early 1990s, and in 1999 he became President for Life. **
 * Niyazov died unexpectedly on 21 December 2006. **
 * In an election on 11 February 2007, Berdimuhamedow was elected president with 89% of the vote and 95% turnout. He was sworn in on 14 February 2007. **




 * Geography **
 * Geography of Turkmenistan and List of mountains of Turkmenistan **
 * At 488,100 km2 (188,500 sq mi), Turkmenistan is the world's 52nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Spain and somewhat larger than the US state of California. It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 52° and 67° E.Over 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. The center of the country is dominated by the Turan Depression and the Karakum Desert. The Kopet Dag Range, along the southwestern border, reaches 2,912 meters (9,553 ft) at Kuh-e Rizeh (Mount Rizeh). **
 * The Great Balkhan Range in the west of the country (Balkan Province) and the Köýtendag Range on the southeastern border with Uzbekistan (Lebap Province) are the only other significant elevations. The Great Balkhan Range rises to 1,880 metres (6,170 ft) at Mount Arlan[20] and the highest summit in Turkmenistan is Ayrybaba in the Kugitangtau Range – 3,137 metres (10,292 ft).[21] Rivers include the Amu Darya, the Murghab, and the Tejen. **
 * The climate is mostly arid subtropical desert, with little rainfall. Winters are mild and dry, with most precipitation falling between January and May. The area of the country with the heaviest precipitation is the Kopet Dag Range. **
 * The Turkmen shore along the Caspian Sea is 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) long. The Caspian Sea is entirely landlocked, with no access to the ocean. **
 * The major cities include Aşgabat, Türkmenbaşy (formerly Krasnovodsk) and Daşoguz. **


 * Oil **
 * Most of Turkmenistan's oil is extracted by the Turkmenistan State Company (Concern) Türkmennebit from fields at Koturdepe, Balkanabat, and Chekelen near the Caspian Sea, which have a combined estimated reserve of 700 million tons. The oil extraction industry started with the exploitation of the fields in Cheleken in 1909 (by Nobel brothers) and Balkanabat in the 1930s, then production leaped ahead with the discovery of the Kumdag field in 1948 and the Koturdepe field in 1959. Big part of the oil produced in Turkmenistan is refined in Turkmenbashy and Seidi refineries. Also, oil is exported by tankers through Caspian Sea to Europe via canals.[28]**
 * Energy **
 * Turkmenistan is a net exporter of electrical power to Central Asian republics and southern neighbors. The most important generating installations are the Hindukush Hydroelectric Station, which has a rated capacity of 350 megawatts, and the Mary Thermoelectric Power Station, which has a rated capacity of 1,370 megawatts. In 1992, electrical power production totaled 14.9 billion kilowatt-hours.[29]Agriculture**
 * Half of the country's irrigated land is planted with cotton, making the country the world's tenth-largest producer**




 * Demographics of Turkmenistan **
 * Most of Turkmenistan's citizens are ethnic Turkmens with sizeable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. Smaller minorities include Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Azeris, and Balochis. The percentage of ethnic Russians dropped from 18.6% in 1939 to 9.5% in 1989.[30]**
 * The CIA World Factbook gives the ethnic composition of Turkmenistan as 85% Turkmen, 5% Uzbek, 4% Russian and 6% other (2003 estimates).[5] According to data announced in Ashgabat in February 2001, 91% of the population are Turkmen, 3% are Uzbeks and 2% are Russians. Between 1989 and 2001 the number of Turkmen in Turkmenistan doubled (from 2.5 to 4.9 million), while the number of Russians dropped by two-thirds (from 334,000 to slightly over 100,000)**


 * Turkmen is the official language of Turkmenistan (per the 1992 Constitution), although Russian still is widely spoken in cities as a "language of inter-ethnic communication". Turkmen is spoken by 72% of the population, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, and other languages 7%.**




 * Religion **
 * Further information: Religion in Turkmenistan, Islam in Turkmenistan, and Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan**
 * The Ärtogrul Gazy Mosque in Ashgabat named after the father of Osman Ghazi, the founder of the Ottoman Empire**
 * According to the CIA World Factbook, Muslims constitute 89% of the population while 9% of the population are followers of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the remaining 2% religion is reported as non-religious.[5] However, according to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, 93.1% of Turkmenistan's population is Muslim.[32] Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through missionary activities. Missionaries were holy men and they often were adopted as patriarchs of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan.**
 * In the Soviet era, all religious beliefs were attacked by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past." Most religious schooling and religious observance were banned, and the vast majority of mosques were closed. However, since 1990, efforts have been made to regain some of the cultural heritage lost under Soviet rule.**
 * Former president Saparmurat Niyazov ordered that basic Islamic principles be taught in public schools. More religious institutions, including religious schools and mosques, have appeared, many with the support of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Turkey. Religious classes are held in both schools and mosques, with instruction in Arabic language, the Qur'an and the hadith, and history of Islam.**
 * President Niyazov wrote his own religious text, published in separate volumes in 2001 and 2004, entitled the Ruhnama. The Turkmenbashi regime required that the book, which formed the basis of the educational system in Turkmenistan, be given equal status with the Quran (mosques were required to display the two books side by side). The book was heavily promoted as part of the former president's personality cult, and knowledge of the Ruhnama is required even for obtaining a driver's license.**
 * The history of Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan is as old as the religion itself, and Bahá'í communities still exist today.[35] The first Bahá'í House of Worship was built in Ashgabat at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was seized by the Soviets in the 1920s and converted to an art gallery. It was heavily damaged in the earthquake of 1948 and later demolished. The site was converted to a public park.**


 * REFERENCES**

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CHARY ALLANAZAROV/2C/101009903.

__**Tango (dance)**__  **Tango dance** originated in Rio de plata, and spread to the rest of the world soon after.Early tango was known as //tango criollo. Today, there are different types of tango dance such as Argentine tango or Uruguayan. Popularly and among tango dancing circles, the authentic tango is considered to be the one which is closest to that originally danced in Argentina and Uruguay.// In 2009, Argentina and Uruguay suggested that the Tango be inscribed onto the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists and in October of the same year UNESCO approved.

History of Tango Tango is a dance that has influences from European and African culture. Dances from the candombe ceremonies of former slave peoples helped shape the modern day Tango. The dance originated in lower-class districts of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The music derived from the fusion of various forms of music from Europe. The word "tango" seems to have first been used in connection with the dance in the 1890s. Initially it was just one of the many dances, but it soon became popular throughout society, as theatres and street barrel organs spread it from the suburbs to the working-class slums, which were packed with hundreds of thousands of European immigrants, primarily Italians, Spanish and French.

__** Styles **__

// Different styles of Tango are: //

** Tango de Salon (Salon Tango) ** ** Tango Canyengue ** //Tango canyengue// is a rhythmic style of tango that originated in the early 1900s and is still popular today. It is one of the original roots styles of tango and contains all fundamental elements of traditional Tango from the Rio de la Plata region (Uruguay and Argentina). In //tango canyengue// the dancers share one axis, dance in a closed embrace, and with the legs relaxed and slightly bent. ** Tango **** nuevo ** A newer style sometimes called //tango nuevo// or "new tango" has been popularized in recent years by a younger generation of dancers. The embrace is often quite open and very elastic, permitting the leader to initiate a great variety of very complex figures. This style is often associated with those who enjoy dancing to jazz- and techno-tinged, electronic and alternative music inspired in old tangos, in addition to traditional Tango compositions.

** Ballroom tango **

Ballroom tango, divided in recent decades into the "International" (Yogita) and "European" styles, has descended from the tango styles that developed when the tango first went abroad to Europe and North America. The dance was simplified, adapted to the preferences of conventional ballroom dancers, and incorporated into the repertoire used in International Ballroom dance competitions. Ballroom tangos use different music and styling from the tangos from the Rio de la Plata region (Uruguay and Argentina), with more staccato movements and the characteristic "head snaps". The head snaps are totally foreign to Argentine and Uruguayan tango, and were introduced in 1934 under the influence of a similar movement in the legs and feet of the tango from the Rio de la Plata, and the theatrical movements of the pasodoble.

** Finnish tango **

The tango is danced in very close full upper body contact in a wide and strong frame, and features smooth horizontal movements that are very strong and determined. Dancers are very low, allowing long steps without any up and down movement. Forward steps land heel first, and in backward steps dancers push from the heel. In basic steps, the passing leg moves quickly to rest for a moment close to the grounded leg.

** Queer tango ** **Queer tango** is a new way to dance Argentine tango free from traditional heteronormative codes. Its proposal is to dance tango without pre-established roles according to the gender of the dancers and to perform the exchange of leader and follower. Therefore it is also called open role or same-sex tango. The //queer tango movement// permits not only an access to tango for the LGBT- community, but also opens new possibilities for heterosexual dancers: women learn the lead, men learn the follow. ** Let´s Tango ** In the dance-, music- and songfestival Let's Tango, there are courses and dance exhibitions in all forms of tango. There are championships in both Finnish/Nordic tango song and tango dancing. The Let's Tango-festival is held annually in August in Karlstad, Sweden.



sunami is a Japanese word and it means ‘harbour wave’. It is pronounced as “soo-NAH-mee “. A tsunami is not a single wave but a series of waves, also known as a wave train. Tsunamis waves can be very long (as much as 60 miles, or 100 kilometres) and be as far as one hour apart. They are able to cross entire oceans without great loss of energy. These giant waves can travel for thousands of miles across the sea and still have enough energy and force to destroy buildings, trees, wildlife and people. If you throw a stone in a pond it will create a series of ripples. A tsunami is just like those ripples but the disturbance that sets them moving is much greater than a small stone. It can be triggered by an undersea earthquake, landslide or volcanic eruption. In deep water tsunami waves can extend thousands of feet into the sea, and reach speeds of 500mph, almost fast enough to keep up with a jet airplane. There can be up to a hundred miles between each wave, which may be just a few feet above the sea. Most Tsunamis are caused by undersea earthquakes. These underwater earthquakes cause disruption to the seafloor and, in turn, the overlying water. A tsunami and has nothing to do with tides although it is sometimes mistakenly called a tidal wave.

= **How and where** **undersea earthquakes occur?** = The earth is made up of several pieces of hard rock that fit together a bit like a jigsaw. These are called tectonic plates and they move very slowly. Oceanic plates are denser/heavier than continental plates and so they slide under the continental plates. Where this happens it is called a subduction zone. There are subduction zones off Chile, Nicaragua, Mexico and Indonesia. These areas are prone to earthquakes, which happen when the plates suddenly move against each other. **What other things could create a tsunami?**Sometimes when an ocean island collapses it causes a huge displacement of water which can also create a tsunami. Very rarely, a tsunami can be created by a giant meteor hitting the sea!Scientists found traces of a huge meteor rock that collided with the Earth 3.5 billion years ago and landed in the sea, which may have created a giant tsunami that drastically changed coastlines and wiped out almost all life on land.

= **Japan Tsunami****, 11 March 2011** =

On Friday 11 March 2011 an underwater earthquake triggered a tsunami which hit Japan’s north-east coast. The earthquake was the most powerful ever recorded in Japan causing a 10 metre tsunami wave to hit the city of Sendai and further devastate several coastal communities. The death toll is still rising but is expected to exceed 10,000.

media type="youtube" key="h1hOLG9fTDI" height="315" width="560" REFERENCES http://www.ypte.org.uk/environmental/tsunami-what-is-it-/105 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1228_041228_tsunami.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1hOLG9fTDI

MERVE TÜRKER 2/B 101010037

he Siamese Twins



 The most famous set of conjoined twins were Chang and Eng, the men who originated the term "Siamese Twins". Eng and Chang were born in Siam (modern day Thailand) on May 11, 1811 to Because of their Chinese heritage (as they were born from a Thai Chinese father and Chinese-Malay mother ), they were known as the "Chinese Twins" in Siam. Their birth was initially believed to be an omen of the end of the world but they brought celebrity to their small village. Their mother refused to separate the boys, fearing that to do so would result in the death of one or both. Instead she taught them to stretch the tissue that joined them so that they could stand side-by-side rather than always face-to-face.

 In 1824, British merchant Robert Hunter discovered them and paid their family to take them and tour the world. But his request was at first denied.

 In 1829,Hunter offered money to the boys' mother for permission to take them abroad, then tried again with the government; this time they succeeded. 17 year-olds Chang and Eng left for Boston, excited to see the world. And then, they became quite popular in England.

 In 1832,Chang and Eng broke off their arrangement with Captain Coffin because they realized that he was taking the vast majority of the money received for their tours.This break led them to quit the exhibition life and settle down.

 They were trying to live a normal life as much as possible,the brothers settled on a plantation, they began the life of farmers in there, they bought slaves. In 1839,they became United States citizens,but they didn’t have last names. They were simply called as “the Siamese Twins." In 1844 they decided to adopt a surname. This surname was “Bunker”

 Chang and Eng began to date Adelaide and Sarah Ann Yates. They were two of nine daughters of a local farmer. They wanted to marry to these girls. The townspeople disapproved but Chang was married to Adelaide and Eng to Sarah Ann in a double wedding.

During their marriages, Eng had six boys and five girls; Chang had seven girls and three boys. All were normal except for a son and daughter of Chang's who were deaf mutes.

 In January, 1874, just after Chang died, Eng died too. After their deaths it was determined that they could have been successfully separated with a medical option that was never offered to Eng and Chang during their lives.




 * References **

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<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Öznur KOCAMAN

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2-D 101010123

=**TWITTER**=


 * Twitter** is an online social networking service and microblogging service that enables its users to send and read text-based posts of up to 140 characters, known as "tweets". It was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launched that July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with over 300 million users as of 2011, generating over 300 million tweets and handling over 1.6 billion search queries per day. It has been described as "the SMS of the Internet.”

Creation
Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Dorsey introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group. The original project code name for the service was **twttr**, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr and the five-character length of American SMS short codes. The developers initially considered "10958" as a short code, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability." Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 PM Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just setting up my twttr" "...we came across the word 'twitter', and it was just perfect. The definition was 'a short burst of inconsequential information,' and 'chirps from birds'. And that's exactly what the product was." – Jack Dorsey

Growth
The company experienced rapid growth. It had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. In February 2010, Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day. By March 2010, the company recorded over 70,000 registered applications. As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets were posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter. As of March 2011, that was about 140 million tweets posted daily. As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second. Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World Cup when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the thirty-second period after Japan scored against Cameroon on June 14, 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets per second were posted after the Los Angeles Lakers' victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on June 17, 2010,and then again at the close of Japan's victory over Denmark in the World Cup when users published 3,283 tweets per second. The current record was set during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final between Japan and the United States, when 7,196 tweets per second were published. When American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, Twitter servers crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.

Features
Tweets are publicly visible by default; however, senders can restrict message delivery to just their followers. Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries. While the service is free, accessing it through SMS may incur phone service provider fees. Users may subscribe to other users' tweets – this is known as //following// and subscribers are known as //followers// or //tweeps// (Twitter + peeps). The users can also check the people who are un-subscribing them on Twitter better known as unfollowing via various services. Twitter allows users the ability to update their profile by using their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain Smartphone / tablets. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.If you're following lots of people, it can get hard to sift through all the tweets. For easy reference, you can organize the people you follow into a list. To add someone to a list, go to their profile. Then, click the person icon in the toolbar and select "Add to List." A menu with your lists will pop up; you can choose to create a new list or add the person to an existing one.



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">If you want to let your followers know what you are doing, type it in the 'What's happening' text box and then click on the 'Tweet' button. Note that tweets are limited to 140 characters or less; otherwise, the "Tweet" button will go into a minus.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">As you type, a countdown is offered to help you keep track of the character count of your tweets. The allowed characters are in gray, then the last 10 go red, and then a red minus symbol appears when you are past the zero (0) indicator.



Messages
Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of “hashtags” – words or phrases prefixed with a "#" sign. Similarly, the "@" sign followed by a username is used for mentioning or replying to other users. To repost a message from another Twitter user, and share it with one's own followers, the retweet function is symbolized by "RT" in the message. In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow (as well as mention and reply to) ad-hoc lists of authors instead of individual authors.

Adding and following content
There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including Twitvid (video sharing), [|TweetDeck], [|Salesforce.com], [|HootSuite], and Twitterfeed. Fewer than half of tweets are posted using the web user interface with most users using third-party applications (based on analysis of 500 million tweets by Sysomos).

Trends
A word, phrase or topic that is tagged at a greater rate than other tags is said to be a //trending topic//. Trending topics become popular either through a concerted effort by users or because of an event that prompts people to talk about one specific topic. These topics help Twitter and their users to understand what is happening in the world. Trending topics are sometimes the result of concerted efforts by fans of certain celebrities or cultural phenomena, particularly Lady Gaga (known as Monsters), the Twilight and Harry Potter novels. Twitter have altered the trend algorithm in the past to prevent manipulation of this type.

**How to use Twitter**
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